What is vitreous hemorrhage?
Vitreous hemorrhage means blood has leaked into the vitreous gel of the eye. The vitreous is a clear gel that fills the center of the eye and helps to hold the retina in place against the eye-wall like wallpaper in a room. The retina is a thin layer of delicate nerve tissue, which acts like film in a camera. In the eye, light is focused onto the retina, which “takes the picture” and sends the image to the brain. The retina has many fine blood vessels, which sometimes leak blood into the vitreous and cause a loss of vision.
What symptoms does vitreous hemorrhage cause?
Vitreous hemorrhage usually causes many new floaters in the vision. Floaters may appear as round specks, hair-like or bug-like debris, or clouds moving in your vision as though they were in front of your eye. They are more noticeable when looking at a blank surface and may interfere with the good vision in the fellow eye.
Flashes are brief streaks of light that are usually seen off to the side, especially at night when you turn your head or eyes. Flashes are caused by vitreous gel pulling on the retina with eye movement.
Although many people have occasional floaters or flashes of light, the sudden onset of many new floaters with or without flashes is an important sign of abnormal pulling on the retina by the vitreous. In some people with these symptoms, the retina may tear and detach resulting in loss of vision.
What causes vitreous hemorrhage?
There are many causes of vitreous hemorrhage. Diabetes can cause vitreous hemorrhage by weakening the blood vessels in the retina and by causing the vitreous gel to shrink and pull on the retinal vessels. Hardening of the arteries in the eye can cause vitreous hemorrhage by blocking a retinal vein where the arteries cross over the veins in the retina. Ageing changes of the vitreous gel can cause it to pull on the retina and tear it. The tearing of the retina may result in bleeding into the vitreous. Less common causes of vitreous hemorrhage include birthmarks inside the eye, inflammation, trauma, tumor, surgery, blood disorders, and macular degeneration.
How is vitreous hemorrhage treated?
The most important step is to have a thorough eye examination with ultrasonography. The ultrasound machine uses sound waves to safely and effectively “look through” the blood in the vitreous to see if the retina is attached. If a retinal detachment is found, surgery (scleral buckle, pneumatic retinopexy, and/or vitrectomy) is required in an attempt to repair it. If no retinal detachment is found on ultrasound exam, your doctor may allow the vitreous hemorrhage to clear on its own with time. The ultrasound exam may be repeated periodically to assure the retina remains attached. In many cases the cause of the vitreous hemorrhage cannot be determined until the hemorrhage has cleared. If the hemorrhage does not clear on its own, vitrectomy surgery as a one-day surgery in the hospital operating room may be considered. The amount of visual return depends on several factors including the health of the underlying retina.
What should I be on the lookout for?
After examination or treatment for a vitreous hemorrhage, you should notify your doctor if you have a burst of new floaters, a loss of side vision, or pain. Sometimes, retinal tears or a retinal detachment occur at a later date after the examination.
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